In research papers, in-text citations are most commonly used in the Introduction and Discussion Results sections. We are not going into such differences here but will focus on the correct way of referencing other people’s research in your own paper according to one of the most common styles used to cite sources within the social sciences and in several other academic disciplines, that is, APA (American Psychological Association) style. General rules for what information should be provided when citing sources in a research paper vary across fields and depend on the type of source (e.g., books, journal articles, patents, conference proceedings, websites, etc.). This is not only an ethical question, as being “sloppy” with your sources can easily be considered plagiarism (and even self-plagiarism, if you fail to refer to your own work), which can have legal consequences and damage your reputation. The rationale behind citing other people’s publications in your own manuscript is that you want to avoid intellectual dishonesty by giving credit to whoever reported a finding first or invented a specific technique. In addition, every time a work is cited within a paper (in APA style, a parenthetical citation), a corresponding entry must be included in the reference list. Note: Italicize the title of the journal and volume number.When writing a journal article, literature review, convention paper, or any other academic document, authors must include in-text citations whenever they refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from another source. Reducing emotional distress in nurses using cognitive behavioral therapy: A preliminary program evaluation. Title of Journal, Volume number (issue number if available), pages.Įxample: Brunero, S., Cowan, D., & Fairbrother, G. You will see what I mean as you browse through this part.īasic Format: Author. There is not much difference between the elements and format for journals in print and online publications apart from the inclusion of the URL or DOI in the latter. The elements listed may not be present in all journals specifically the issue number, so you just have to include the information available from the reference. Write only the last name of the first author followed by et al.Īnd now here are the details in writing APA journal citation for the reference list. After the name of the sixth author, write three ellipsis points followed by the last author’s name.īasic Format: (Last name A, et al., Year)Last name A, et al.
Up to seven authors can be included in the reference list. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6, 249-67. Effects of quitting smoking on EEG activation and attention last for more than 31 days and are more severe with stress, dependence, DRD2 A1 allele, and depressive traits. Title of Journal, Volume number (issue number if available), pages. You can include up to five names of the authors, but in the subsequent in-text citation for works with more than two authors, write only the last name of the first author followed by et al.īasic Format: Last name, A. Use “&” instead of “and.” List the names of the authors in the order in which it is listed in the source. Use “&” instead of “and” when listing two or more authors.īasic Format: (Last name A, Last Name B & Last name C, Year)Last name A, Last Name B & Last name C (Year) Examples:
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(4), 504-516. Biased language use in stereotype maintenance: The role of encoding and goals. Example: Wenneker, C.P., Wigbolus, D.H., & Spears, R. year and page number).īasic Format: Last name, A. *When you use direct quotation from a source, include the page number and enclose in parenthesis any information that is not included within the text (e.g. If the last name of the author is listed within the text, write only the year in the parenthesis. Just write the last name of the author for all in-text citations. The name of the author is reversed with the last name first followed by the initials.īasic Format: (Last name, Year)Last name (Year)*(Last name, Year, Page number), Last name (year, page number)
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